| Hams in Action
A retired military officer in North Carolina makes friends over the radio with a ham in Lithuania. An
Ohio teenager uses her computer to upload a chess move to an orbiting space satellite, where it's
retrieved by a fellow chess enthusiast in Japan. An aircraft engineer in Florida participating in a "DX
contest" swaps call signs with hams in 100 countries in a weekend. In California, volunteers save
lives as part of their involvement in an emergency communications net. And at the scene of a traffic
accident on a Chicago freeway, a ham calls for help by using a pocket-sized hand-held radio.
This unique mix of fun, public service and convenience is the distinguishing characteristic of the
hobby called Amateur Radio. Although hams get involved in Amateur Radio for many reasons, they all have in
common a basic knowledge of radio technology, regulations and operating principles, demonstrated by
passing an examination for a license to operate on radio frequencies known as the "Amateur
Bands." These frequencies are reserved by the Federal Communications Commission for use by hams
at intervals from just above the AM broadcast band all the way up into extremely high microwave
frequencies.
What is the "Typical Ham"?
Amateur radio operators come from all walks of life -- movie stars, missionaries, doctors, students,
politicians, truck drivers and just plain folks. They are all ages, sexes, income levels and
nationalities. But whether they prefer Morse Code on an old brass telegraph key through a low power
transmitter, voice communication on a hand-held radio or computer messages transmitted through satellites,
they all have an interest in what's happening in the world, and they use radio to reach out.
What's The Appeal Of Ham Radio?
Some hams are attracted by the ability to communicate across the country, around the globe, even with
astronauts on space missions. Others build and experiment with electronics. Computer hobbyists find packet
radio to be a low-cost way to expand their ability to communicate. Those with a competitive streak enjoy DX
contests, where the object is to see how many distant locations they can contact. Some like the
convenience of a technology that gives them portable communication. Others use it to open the door to new
friendships over the air or through participation in one of more than 2000 Amateur Radio clubs
throughout the country.
A Proud History
Nobody knows when Amateur Radio operators were first called "hams," but we do know that
Amateur Radio is as old as the history of radio itself. Not long after Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian
experimenter, transmitted the Morse Code letter "s" from Newfoundland to England in 1901,
amateur experimenters throughout the world were trying out the capabilities of the first "spark
gap" transmitters. In 1912 Congress passed the first laws regulating radio transmissions in the U.S.
By 1914, Amateur experimenters were communicating nation-wide, and setting up a system to relay messages
from coast to coast (whence the name American Radio Relay
League). In 1927, the FCC was created by Congress and specific frequencies were
assigned for various uses, including ham bands.
Hams Need Licenses?
Although the main purpose of Amateur Radio is fun, it is called the "Amateur Radio Service"
because it also has a serious face. The FCC created this "Service" to fill
the need for a pool of experts who could provide backup emergency communications. In addition, the FCC
acknowledged the ability of the hobby to advance the communication and technical skills of radio, and to
enhance international goodwill. This philosophy has paid off. Countless lives have been saved where
skilled hobbyists act as emergency communicators to render aid, whether it's an earthquake in Italy, a
flood in India or a hurricane in the U.S.
Which License Is For Me?
Over the years, five basic license classes have evolved. The higher the class license you have, the
more privileges and modes of operation you get. But each higher class license requires progressively more
knowledge of technology, rules and regulations, as well as higher Morse Code proficiency. So, you can
learn the basics or you can become an expert and still enjoy the hobby.
Technician Class License - Hams enter the hobby as Technicians by passing a 35-question multiple-choice
examination. No Morse code test is required. The exam covers basic regulations, operating practices, and
electronics theory, with a focus on VHF and UHF applications. Technician Class operators are authorized to use all amateur VHF and UHF
frequencies (all frequencies above 50 MHz). Technicians who pass a 5 WPM Morse code
examination are entitled to limited power outputs on certain HF frequencies.
"Technicians with HF" may operate on the 80, 40, and 15 meter bands using CW,
and on the 10 meter band using CW, voice, and digital modes.
General Class License - The General Class is a giant step up in operating privileges. The high-power HF
privileges granted to General licensees allow for cross-country and worldwide communication. Some people
prefer to earn the General Class license as their first ticket, so they may operate on HF
right away. Technicians may upgrade to General Class by passing a 5 WPM Morse code test and a 35-question
multiple-choice examination. The written exam covers intermediate regulations, operating practices, and
electronics theory, with a focus on HF applications. In addition to the Technician
privileges, General Class operators are authorized to operate on any frequency in the 160, 30, 17, 12, and
10 meter bands. They may also use significant segments of the 80, 40, 20, and 15 meter bands.
Extra Class License - The HF bands can be awfully crowded, particularly at the top of
the solar cycle. Once one earns HF privileges, one may quickly yearn for more room. The
Extra Class license is the answer. General licensees may upgrade to Extra Class by passing a 50-question
multiple-choice examination. No further Morse code test is required. In addition to some of the more
obscure regulations, the test covers specialized operating practices, advanced electronics theory, and
radio equipment design. Frankly, the test is very difficult, but others have passed it, and you can too.
Extra Class licensees are authorized to operate on all frequencies allocated to the Amateur Service.
Why Are They Called "Hams?"
Although the origin of the word "ham" is obscure, every ham has his or her own pet theory.
One holds that early Amateurs were called hams because they liked to "perform" on the air, as in
"hamming it up." Another proposes that the name came from the "ham-fisted" way some
early Amateurs handled their code keys. The easiest to accept is that "ham" is a contraction of
"Am," as in Amateur. One of the most exotic holds that "ham" is an acronym from the
initials of three college students who were among the first Radio Amateurs.
What Are The Amateur Radio Bands?
Look at the dial on any AM radio and you'll see frequencies marked from 535 to 1605 kilohertz. Imagine
that band extended out many thousands of kilohertz, and you'll have some idea of how much additional radio
spectrum is available for amateur, government and commercial radio bands. It is here you'll find aircraft,
ship, fire and police communication, as well as the so-called "shortwave" stations, which are
worldwide commercial and government broadcast stations from the US and overseas. Amateurs are allocated
nine basic "bands" (i.e. groups of frequencies) in the high frequency range between 1.8 and 30
megahertz, and another seven bands in the VHF and UHF ranges. Even
though many Amateur Radio conversations may be heard around the world, given the right frequency and
propagation conditions, Amateur Radio is basically two-way communication.
Where Do I Get More Information?
The three best ways to learn about Amateur Radio are to listen to hams on the Amateur bands, read about
Amateur Radio in the numerous books and magazines devoted to the
subject and, best of all, talk to hams face-to- face. You might consider coming to a ham
club meeting meeting to meet some friendly hams! Hams take pride in their ability to "Elmer"
(teach) newcomers the ropes to get them started in the hobby.
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